"Literature ReviewIntroduction In this chapter, the author provides a literature review regarding the nature of big data interms of recent research, analyses, and ethical issues. Improvements in technology and theavailability of this technological advancementhave become importantparadigms in recent years.One pertinent issue and question considered rationalized to resolve through research is centeredon how can businesses use information for their benefit, but yet not impose harm on the peopleon whom the data is based. This is obviously a tricky and challenging situation for any companyto be in; while the desire and motivation to increase profits is naturally fundamentally importantto all corporate entities, that condition and these objectives should never override the privacy ofcommon citizens. Discovering and creating ways for companies to collect big data, and then useit ethically in operating business processes, can enable both sides of this issue to maintainguidelines to follow for all those involved.Background Generally, the ethical implications of using big data (i.e. in handling and utilizingpersonal information collected through various means) is a far-reaching subject matter. Thisincludes traditional data as is collected through financial transactions or social networkinteractions, and therefore the ethical implications of the use of this data are relevant in howbusinesses collect and then transmit such information(Arthur, 2013). As the kinds of information continue to grow through research and analyses, ethical guidelines have been instituted toprovide for a greater level of protection for individuals whose data might be targeted; for thisreason, various government agencies are creating boards whose directives are to develop theseguidelines to determine a better way for companies to collect and use big data (Metcalf, Keller,& Boyd, 2016). Various analysts have studied big data while providing detailed analyses of theirperspectives or research regarding relevant ethical aspects. Arthur (2013) studied big data whileexplaining that it can involve a range of ethical issues related to policies and privacy, and Kingand Richards (2014) explained that confidentiality can involve new challenges and demandsamid the modern dynamics of this unique area of information technology. In other work,Metcalf, Keller, and Boyd (2016) explained that many aspects of big data in relation to ethicsand implications for society are highly debatable, while this implies that the development ofpolicies for use in organizations can be challenging as a result of disagreements and ranges ofopinions. Morgan (2015) and Steen (2015) recommended that modern business professionalsgive more consideration to big data potentials if they have not.Recent Research In the past few years, researchers have examined different aspects of big data in relationto ethics that have improved the knowledge base while having unique or stronger implicationsregarding the directions of ongoing research and development. Dereli et al. (2014) studied bigdata and ethics in relation to health systems, and recommended that a more in-depth review ofthe aspects of risk, „black swan? events, uncertainty, and ignorance is conducted for a better understanding of implications for evolving policies across the world. According to theseanalysts, “big data is rapidly moving to the epicenter of social entrepreneurship and responsibleinnovation. As data proliferate uncontrollably, creating the 21st-century data deluge, there is anurgent need to cultivate a collective bioethics intelligence, and dynamic real-time technologyforesight. Harnessing big data for ethical HSR in LMICs will crucially rest on our ability torethink our responses to unknowns in the practice of 21st-century data-intensive science”(Dereliet al., 2014, p. 49). Schneider, Lyle, and Murphy (2015) explained that these issues havebeen important in the military, where big data is relevant to soldier files, developmentalplanning, and policy creation. Hoffman (2015) discussed big data in terms of the ethics of publicaccess, explaining that this issue has been increasingly examined in the medical field because ofelectronic medical systems for patient records. Concluding, this analyst argued that providingpublic access to patient related data may have ethical implications, but claimed that this couldfacilitate more efficient and effective improvements in research and scientific findings. Ethical issues have manifested in other specific organizations and areas of industry.Voosen (2015) explained that ethical issues in big data were realized to a great extent followingan issue with the Facebook social media site, when users were increasingly victim to hackerswho had gained access to Facebook?s information banks. Meanwhile, Facebook has becomemore integral with industry in that companies can have deep insights into usage trends that arearguably beyond what is considered desirable or ethical. Discussing the ethical issue as it hasbeen relevant to the medical field as well as other areas of industry, Mittlestadt and Floridi(2016) reported that biomedical applications have been observed as uniquely challenging due tothe natures of hospital data and the medical industry in general. Relating challenges to modern developments in general, Sula (2016, p. 21) wrote “big data introduces big challenges forresearch ethics, but none that seem to go beyond the typical concerns raised by traditionalresearch: participants should be well selected, informed of their status and consenting.Researchers should make every attempt to protect against harm and share their work accessiblyfor the benefit of participants and others. Though tools and methods have changed dramaticallyin an age of big data, this is an occasion for us to expand, not avoid, ethical conduct in research.”Other analysts have provided additional information to the literature and knowledgebases on the subject. Metcalf (2016) researched big data analytics and revision of the commonrule, and reported that potential changes considered for the common rule in research ethics fromthe emergence of big data included datasets and privacy in research. Welton (2016) studiednursing value in relation to the ethics of big data use, explaining that nurses have been faced withthe problem of taking action for the development of metrics versus waiting until some otherforce facilitates their development and implementation. Big Data “Big data” is a large data set that may reveal patterns or consist of a range of statisticsand other useful information regarding a given topic. This differs from traditional data in thattraditional data is smaller and not large as big data is, as traditional data tends to refer to basic orgeneral information regarding a given area, item, service, or other aspect of a business ororganization that may be relevant to research or other practical aspects of operation. Big data canbe helpful in larger research projects or major aspects of business operation where a lot ofinformation is relevant to the task at hand in the organization. There is potential for big data to be applied in major technological advancements that may include improvements in hardware andsoftware capacities, while this may potentially include storage capacity as well. Big data can beespecially useful when a researcher is undergoing a quantitative research process that includesthe researcher attempting to find some specific trend or trendsthat encompass their target aim,objectives, and research inquiries. In global governance, big data serves as a database forresearchers and employees seeking information regarding whatever they are attempting toresearch and assess in their affairs, and it is generally useful in helping people to communicate.Research and collaboration databases can be formed from big data, and big data is also anexcellent source of data for researchers seeking to improve the nature of business relationshipsthat they have with customers, managers, and other types of employees who are conductingdeals. Hansen & Porter (2017) explained that there are many global governance processes thatare involved with organizational operations that help to increase a business? capacity intechnology operations, information management systems, the so-called “internet of things,” andthe control of employees and managers within the organization. Also, big data encompasseschanges to boundaries or limits that may be involved in the information system processes, whileglobal decision makers may be involved in using new methods or processes which can help theemployees to locate new changes and shifts in the fundamental nature of global operations andprocesses within the business (Hansen & Porter, 2017). Corporate Collections and Use Corporate collections and use in governance involves how information is beingused bymultiple entities in an organizational entity that includes a range of processes involved in thereceipt and maintenance of funds acquired by an organization or business as they continue to "