"E-commerceName:Institution of Affiliation:E-commerce must be supported by corresponding technologies which can be divided into threecategories. List and explain the categories.To study e-commerce, one must master the e-commerce supporting technologies. General speaking, e- commerce supporting technologies can be divided into three categories: Information display technologies which include HTML, Java, XML technologies. Information transmission technologies which consist of Bluetooth. Information processing technologies which comprise some common used technology like GPSInformation display technologiesJAVAJava language, came into existence in 1991, it was initially named OAK computer language. It isgenerally designed by SUN for some digital products.HTML Hyper Text Markup Language is a simple computer language that is used to make hypertext relateddocuments. The documents are independent of operating systems platforms such as Windows.XMLThe extensible markup language combines the good sides of SGML and HTML while getting rid of theirdisadvantages. Computer Communication TechnologyTCP/IP Protocols network interconnection between various different platforms like a Windows .HTTP Communication Protocol belongs to the application layer. It is simple, easy and fast, and suitablefor distributed and disseminated hypermedia information system.EDI Communication Protocol is a technological way to simplify the olden trade transactions bysimulating the movement of commercial documents and bills. It is not a new technology. As a matter offact, it can be traced to 1970s when it is used to exchange internal data within an enterprise and then todeliver commercial data between enterprises. Because of the different areas and aims it serves, so it isdifficult to define EDI in a unified way.WAP Communication Protocol defines a set of interfaces for both software and hardware. The mobileagents and web servers that implement these interfaces will make it possible for us to receive and sende-mails, and even browse the Internet by using cell phones. Bluetooth was proposed In May 1998,, with the tenet of providing a low-cost, short-distance, wirelesstransmission technology. It is hence a wireless data communication technology. Its transmission rate isabout 1Mbps, and transmission distance is approximately 25 meters. It has about 75 frequencies at atime hence can connect 75 devices at a go.Information Processing Technologies in E-commerceGlobal Positioning System (GPS)is an American system composed of 24 satellites for global positioningand piloting initially developed for military purposes, its receiver at any place will receive signal from spacefrom at least 4 satellites, henceithas a the powerful function of location and positioning.Geographical Information System (GIS),isa spatial information processing system mainly concentrating onanalyzing, collecting, managing ,storing, describing data and information forthe whole of the earth .Decision Supporting System (DSS) is an intelligent man-machine system that is based on managementscience, operational research, control system and behavioral science. The system provides data, andbackground for the decision maker to help them identify the problems and establish decision models.QUE 2:SPECIFICALLY E-COMMERCE IMPACTS CAN BE FELT IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:a) Work routineb) Communicationc) Marketingd) Researche) Organization StructureDISCUSS.WORK ROUTINEThere is no closing time as work is done in twenty four hours.The business becomes a global business There is increased automation of servicesThere is a faster turnover in service provision.Schedules can organized online Individuals can work in the comfort of their home.Reduced inventories & overheads by Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory handling .COMMUNICATIONThere is communication with people around the world.There is immediate response when buying and selling stuff.There is indirect communication through systems thus privacy is ensured.Time reduced between outlay of capital and receipt of goods and servicesMARKETING.Product promotion: E-commerce enhances promotions of products and services through direct,information-rich and interacting contact with customers.Direct saving: The cost of delivering information to customers over the internet results insubstantial saving to senders.Customer service: Customer service can be greatly enhanced by enabling customers to finddetailed information online. Brand image: Newcomers can establish brand or corporate images very quickly through net andaffordable cost.Advertising: Traditional advertising used mass or direct – one way – communication to persuadecustomers to buy their products and services. In the electronic period, it is interactingcommunication – two way – aims at customers to browse, explore, compare, question and evencustomer design the product configuration.Customization: The ultimate luxury can get in terms of custom designed products and services.The net offers a tremendous opportunity to understand customers’ needs one at a time and offercustomized products and services.Order making process: Taking orders from customers can drastically be improved if it is doneelectronically, this saves time and reduces expenses, and so sales people have more time to selltheir products or services.Intermediaries: In traditional marketing middlemen are supposed to provide place and timeutilities to the ultimate customers, but advancement of information technology is turningintermediation into disintermediation.Customer value: Traditional market tries to maximize the value per transaction; here customerattraction is big target. But the electronic marketing, the marketer are trying to form relationshipswith customers and they are looking for long-term value maximization.RESEARCH. E-commerce market research on the internet encompasses a wide variety of information gatheredfor e-business planning and prospecting. These information can be used to track opinions,profiles and customer and behavior.Many large business-to-business service use research trends to predict the content, product andservices buyers will find most attractive in the near future. Shopping cart system greatly effectshow e-commerce services cater to their market’s technical capabilities, wants, interests andbehaviours. Market research also reduces unnecessary expenses, making developers and webbusinesses anticipate industry trends.Qualitative e-commerce research is used to gain customer product information and productperceptions.E-commerce market research is a crucial part in building a successful e-commerce applicationand an online storefront.ORGANIZATION STRUCTUREThe term “Organizational structure” refers to how the people in an organization are grouped andto whom they report their issues. Organizational structures can be functional, divisional (self-contained), matrix (groupsemployees by both function and product) etc.The grouping can be in terms of production, marketing, human resources, and accounting. Atypical problem with for example a functional organizational structureis however that communication within the company can be rather rigid, making the organization slow andinflexible because, people only want to specialize in their field.WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THESE STRUCTURES ARE DIGITALZED BY E-COMMERCE!!!POSITIVE IMPACTS OF E-COMMERCE ON ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE.The Electronic commerce expands the marketplace in an organizational structure to national andinternational markets. With minimal capital outlay, an organization can easily and quickly locatemore customers, the best suppliers, and the most suitable business partners worldwide. Forexample, in 1997, Boeing Corporation reported a savings of 20 percent after a request for aproposal to manufacture a subsystem was posted on the Internet. A small vendor in Hungaryanswered the request and won the electronic bid. Not only was the subsystem cheaper, but it wasdelivered quickly. Electronic commerce decreases the cost of creating, processing, distributing, storing, andretrieving paper-based information in an organization. For example, by introducing an electronicprocurement system, organizational structure can cut the purchasing administrative costs by asmuch as 85 percent. Another example is benefit payments. For the U.S. federal government, thecost of issuing a paper check is $ 430. The cost of electronic payment is $20. Ability for creating highly specialized businesses in an organization. For example, dog toyswhich can be purchased only in pet shops or department and discounted stores in the physicalworld, are sold now in a specialized www.dogtoys.com (also see www.cattoys.com). Electronic commerce allows reduced inventories and overhead by facilitating pull-type supplychain management in an organization. In a pull-type system the process starts from customerorders and uses just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing. The pull-type processing enables expensive customization of products and services, which provides competitive advantage to itsimplementers in an organization. Electronic commerce reduces the time between the outlay of capital and the receipt of productsand services in an organization. Electronic commerce initiates business processes reengineeringprojects. By changing processes, productivity of salespeople, knowledge workers, andadministrators can increase by 100 percent or more. Electronic commerce lowers telecommunications costs in an organization structure-the Internetis much cheaper than VANs. Other benefits include improved image, improved customer service, newfound businesspartners, simplified processes, compressed cycle and delivery time, increased productivity,eliminating paper, expediting access to information, reduced transportation costs, and increasedflexibility. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF E-COMMERCE ON ORGANIZATION STRUCTURELoss of employment to workers.Electronic commerce could result in a breakdown of human relationships. Security and privacy in an organization. The EC industry has a very long and difficult task ofconvincing organizations that online transactions and privacy are, in fact, very secure. Many legal issues are as yet unresolved, and government regulations and standards are notrefined enough for many circumstances. Electronic commerce, as a discipline, is still evolving and changing rapidly. Many organizationalstructures are looking for a stable area before they enter into it.There are not enough support services. For example, copyright clearance centers for ECtransactions do not exist, and high-quality evaluators, or qualified EC tax experts, are rare. QUE 3. WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF A WELL-FUNCTIONAL COMMERCIAL WEBSITE?INTRODUCTIONMany companies make the mistake of entering into a new e-commerce venture without sufficientplanning and forethought. This will ultimately lead to frustration and increased development costs asmistakes are made and corrected. Understanding the fundamental components of an e-commerce sitewill help you evaluate basic requirements before committing resources toward an e-commerce solution.Successful e-commerce sites depend on an unusual combination of technical knowledge, direct orcatalogue marketing expertise and commercial instinct.You’ll still need some solid graphic design, good usability and ease of navigation, plus you definitelywant to make sure your design, copy, and code are developed using principles of search engineoptimization. "