"CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENTName the Primary Project Participants in Construction Management and Operations.Ans. 1 Primary Project Participants in Construction Management and Operations: There aremany different roles in construction project management, with some requiring a more technicalbackground. Here are some of the job titles of the Participants with their definitions: ? Field Engineer/Surveyor: A field engineer or surveyor supervises a crew of workers knownas the ?survey party.? This party is responsible for staking out reference points and markersthat will guide the construction process. Before any other work beings, the survey party mustdefine the legal boundaries of the land where the work will be done. ? Project Engineer: A project engineer acts as the liaison between the project manager and thetechnical aspects of a project. He or she is usually the primary technical point person for theconsumer and is in charge of scheduling, planning, and resource forecasting for engineeringactivities. In some cases, the project engineer is the same as the project manager, but themajority of the time, both roles share joint responsibility for leading a project. ? District Construction Engineer: The district construction engineer manages the activities ofthe technical services department, including engineering, contracting, inspection, and more.He or she also coordinates with other departments and outside agencies. This position is alsosimilar to a project manager, however it usually requires a background in civil engineering. ? Project Coordinator: The project coordinator assists the project manager in all day-to-dayactivities. He or she may act as the liaison between customers, subcontractors, architects,owners, and general contracts on active projects, maintain and monitor records, track budgets,and perform other general duties. ? Project Manager: The construction project manager supervises projects from beginning toend, making sure they finish on time and on budget. He or she plans all aspect of theconstruction process, including hiring contractors, negotiating contracts, setting budgets,complying with building and safety codes, and dealing with conflict. ? Construction Manager: Also known as a site manager, a construction manager is responsiblefor running and managing the construction site. He or she works closely with architects to goover blueprints, makes project timetables, determines material and labor costs, gatherspermits, and schedules work on site.? Operations Manager: An operations manager works in a large construction company thatoversees many projects at once. He or she develops construction strategies and works with theproject manager to manage resource allocation. He or she also works with civil engineers tocreate the quality checks that a project must go through before it is delivered to the owner.Identify and Describe the Primary Segments in the Construction IndustryAns. 2 It is very important for firms to split their clients (or customers) into different segments,grouping together those clients with similar characteristics which have similar needs. This is notsimply about size or sectors but more about what services are bought, by whom, and why. Theaim is to identify true clients‘ needs, which can be combined together to identify the bestsegments on which to focus marketing efforts.This process is called =segmentation‘ and willidentify the most attractive and profitable segments and also those with the highest potential forgrowth. Operating a market segmentation strategy can offer considerable competitive advantage.Segmentation centres around identifying the best way to distinguish the main sectors anorganisation works in within the total construction market. The skill is in choosing appropriatesegmentation criteria given the wide range of possibilities.Major segmentation criteria in the construction industry would be:Industry GeographicalsegmentsCommercial WalesIndustrial NorthPublic non- Midlandshousing SouthInfrastructure ScotlandPrivate etchousingPublichousingEach of the above industry classifications must also be segmented into further categories such as;commercial retail, commercial office or public health, education and private health and privateeducation etc. The same applies for geographical segmentation such as Midlands into East andWest Midlands.Whilst organisations must clearly segment accordingly to their own customer grouping it isadvisable to organise them in such a way that it is possible to layer over data and researchfindings from industry research bodies to ensure consistency and compatibility. If organisations fail to ensure their segmentation forecasting is based on quantitative research, it will not usuallybe easy to measure potential segment size, or more importantly, progress. It is therefore criticalto recognise that the full implementation of a segmented strategy demands an adequate flow ofdata for both planning and control purposes.Without the use of segmentation organisations pursue a homogenous strategy, which may lead toa product or service trying to be all the things to all people. This may work reasonably well whenan organisation is dominant, or in a monopoly situation, but it leaves their product or servicevulnerable to attack by competitors who target smaller sectors of the market. In time this couldmean the 'homogenous' product or service appeals less and less to the total market whose needsare being satisfied elsewhere, and leaves them with fewer potential customers.Describe Mega Projects and give 2-3 examples of Megaprojects around theworld.Ans. 3 Megaprojects (sometimes also spelled "mega projects") are very large investmentprojects. The US Federal Highway Administration defines megaprojects as major infrastructureprojects that cost more than US$1 billion, or projects of a significant cost that attract a high levelof public attention or political interest because of substantial direct and indirect impacts on thecommunity, environment, and budgets. Some megaprojects, like Boston's Big Dig at $15 billionor the Channel tunnel between France and the UK at $10 billion, cost several times thisminimum definition of a megaproject. Other projects that cost less than $1 billion are sometimesalso called megaprojects; it depends on the context, because a, say, $500 million project in a "