"9++ETHN 201W: Perspectives on African Americans Final Examination, worth 100 points Directions: To answer questions 1-5, write one to two paragraphs (note: aminimum of three sentences in a paragraph). In your response, be sure torefer to specific concepts/constructs from the readings, and lecture notes tosupport your answer. Submit your completed written assignment throughthe drop box--Examinations Kathy Russell, Midge Wilson and Ronald Hall (1992). The Color Complex:The Politics of Skin Color among African Americans. Anchor Books, Double daySandler, K. (2015). A Question of Color. [San Francisco, California, USA]:Kanopy Streaming. [Video]Answer the following questions which are based on the aforementioned bookreadings, videoand lecture notes:1. How do the following social constructs/tests affect black identity? Doll test,One-drop rule, and the brown paper bag test: (20 points)a) In a race-stratified society, how do power, privilege and black identity,for example, light- skinned versus dark-skinned Blacks affect the lifechances and lifestyles of African Americans?Doll test- Kenneth Bancroft Clark, who was a psychologist,conducted a social experiment, so as to study the segregation effectson the children black in color along with his wife in 1940’s. After theexperiment he observed that most of the children’s found white dollsbetter in every sense, say it to be good, nice, beautiful, intelligent, lessharmful, less arrogant etc., whereas according to the kids psychologyblack dolls were ugly, bad, dumb, arrogant, harmful and so on. Although the Dark dolls were similar to white dolls, in every otheraspect except for the color. They concluded that "discrimination,segregation and prejudice " impacted black children in a way todevelop a sense of inferiority and self-hatred. In 1954, due to doll test, Supreme Court gave conclusion in favorof the African-Americans, giving them equal civil rights as whites.Supreme Court realized that this racial discrimination impacted1 African-American kids in a very terrible manner, so they get nationalspotlight and anti-black racism should be internationalized. After the1940’s the way of thinking of black kids for them have improved, alsobiasing has lessened with time.To support your answer incorporate the contents of video:“A Question ofColor,” Chapter 2: The Color Gap in Power and Privilege, and Chapter 4:Black Identity: Shades of Beauty and Pride (Readings: Russell, Kathy,Midge Wilson & Ronald Hall (1992). The Color Complex: The Politics ofSkin Color among African Americans. Anchor Books, Double dayb) In your opinion, how do the pioneering studies in the late 1930’s andearly 1940’s called the “doll test” of Kenneth and Mamie Clark affectblack identity especially in the 1954 Brown legal case? Brown v Board of Education's experiment influenced theAmerican Incomparable Court that "different however equivalent"schools for blacks and whites were definitely not equivalent practicallyspeaking and in this manner illegal, in 1954. Since by that point mostdark youngsters had picked the dark doll as the terrible one. In 195044% said the white doll appeared as though them! In past tests, be thatas it may, numerous youngsters would decline to pick either doll orsimply begin crying and flee. They concluded that "discrimination,segregation and prejudice " impacted black children in a way todevelop a sense of inferiority and self-hatred. The discriminationbefore the Brown legal case among students of university was veryhigh as compared to after. Over the long haul, our general public isprogressively grasping assorted qualities and tolerating races withunavoidably blend, societies and religions has interlaced, and newethnic characters will come to pass.c) What is one-drop rule? And how has it shaped the development ofracial identity in America? One-Drop Rule:- The One-Drop Rule, otherwise called hypo- conventional by anthropologists, expresses that any individual who haseven a drop of dark blood would be viewed as dark as indicated byAmerican law. This One-Drop Rule was established in the VirginiaGeneral Gathering's Racial Uprightness Demonstration of 1924, which2 commanded that each individual be unmistakably characterized as faras their race upon birth. In those days, they didn't have the differentrace arrangements that the US Enumeration has today; rather therewere just two choices: white and dark. So, the arrangement to orderwho was white and who was dark, was that the US Enumeration,which would characterize anybody that had an ounce of dark familyline as shaded. This was to keep any dark individual with light skin togo as a white individual. At the point when the white Europeans went to the Americas afterChristopher Columbus cruised the sea blue in 1492, there was nodoubt in the matter of who was white and who was a Local American.The dark colored skin shading and particular facial components of theLocal Americans obviously separated them from the white newpilgrims on their territory. At the point when Africans were conveyedto America to be slaves, there was additionally no issue in recognizingthem from white individuals or Local Americans. In the period ofAmerican bondage from 1619 to 1865, opportunity and societalposition were frequently insisted by skin shading alone, and darkindividuals were regularly subjugated. Deciding race by skin shadingended up noticeably confused when miscegenation or interbreedingamong individuals of various races, begun to happen. It was hard todecide whether somebody was dark, white, or Local American in viewof this intermixing of races. The one-drop rule is special to the UnitedStates and does not show up in any other country on the planet. Today,it is not sensible to imagine that somebody has a history and familyline of immaculate white race (or any race, so far as that is concerned).Over the long haul, our general public is progressively graspingassorted qualities and tolerating races with unavoidably blend,societies and religions has interlaced, and new ethnic characters willcome to pass. d) What is the brown paper bag test? And how does it affect admission ofAfrican American students to historically black colleges/universities? Brown Paper Bag Test:-A real test, alongside the purported rulertest in like manner use in the mid 1900s among high society DarkAmerican social orders and families to decide whether a Darkindividual was adequately white to pick up induction oracknowledgment. In the event that your skin was darker than a darkcolored paper bag, you didn't justify incorporation. A huge number of3 Dark establishments including the country's most prominent Dark crew- Phi Alpha Phi, Howard University, and various church and urbangatherings all honed this discrimination. The practice has nineteenthCentury antecedents with the Nobility Society and has not absolutelyceased to exist. In past, dark schools and colleges utilized the brown paper bag testas an approach to scrutinize possibility for affirmation. A man's skintone could influence whether they were admitted to a top school. Forexample, Audrey Elisa Kerr alludes to schools obliging candidates tosend individual photographs. Kerr said how this practice occurred at amainstream HBCU, Howard College. Dr. Arnold transferred to Kerr astory concerning young ladies at Howard. Dr. Arnold had heardcolorism was a component when it came to admission to Howard.Separation was additionally rehearsed by clubs and sororities, whoseindividuals self-chose others like themselves, by and large thosereflecting incomplete European ancestry. Multi-racial individuals whohad been free before the American Common War endeavored toseparate themselves from the mass of freedmen after the war, who hadall the earmarks of being generally of African drop and had beenbound to subjugation. Dierenfield, Bruce J. & John White. (2012). A History of African-AmericanLeadership, 3rd Edition, Pearson Publication Read Part 7: African-American Women: Heroines & TrailblazersAnswer the question that is on the aforementioned book readings:2.Choose one of the following African-American Women: Heroines &Trailblazers and briefly write about their leadership contributions:1) HarrietTubman, 2) Ida B. Wells, 3) Mary McLeod Bethune, 4)Fannie Lou Hamer, 5) Condoleezza Rice and 6) OprahWinfrey(15 points) Harriet Tubman, earlier known as Araminta Ross was born in DorchesterCounty of Maryland state of U.S. in 1820, and died in Auburn, New York in1913. She was an American Bondwoman who got escaped in the South fromservitude/slavery to become an activist, before the commencement of4 American Civil War. An intricate mystery system of safe houses sorted out byher, for the reason to drive several bondsmen to flexibility in the North via theUnderground Railroad passage. Araminta Ross was born as a slave, who lateron got her mother’s initial name, Harriet. From early adolescence she workeddifferently as a cleaning specialist, a field hand, a medical caretaker, awoodcutter and a cookAround 1844 she wedded John Tubman, a free dark.In 1849, there was a gossip flew that, she would get sold. At that moment,she left her spouse, her parents along with her siblings back and suddenlymoved to Philadelphia. In December 1850 she advanced toward Baltimore,Maryland, whence she drove her sister and two kids to flexibility. This tripst was the 1 of somewhere in the range 19 progressively unsafe raids intoMaryland in which, throughout the following decade, she directed upward of300 criminal slaves along the Underground Railroad to Canada. By herphenomenal fearlessness, creativity, tirelessness, and iron teach, which sheupheld upon her charges, Tubman turned into the railroad's most celebratedconductor and was known as the "Moses of her kin." It has been said that shenever lost a criminal she was prompting flexibility. Abolitionists, in any case,commended her boldness. John Brown, who counseled her about his ownarrangements to sort out an abolitionist assault of a government arsenal inHarpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), alluded to her as "General"Tubman. Around 1858 she purchased a little ranch close Auburn, New York,where she set her matured guardians (she had brought them out of Marylandin June 1857) and herself lived from that point. From 1862 to 1865 she filledin as a scout, and in addition medical attendant and laundress, for Unionpowers in South Carolina. For the Second Carolina Volunteers, under thesummon of Col. James Montgomery, Tubman kept an eye on Confederatedomain. When she came back with data about the areas of distribution centersand ammo, Montgomery's troops could make deliberately arrangedassaults. For her wartime benefit Tubman was paid so little that she needed tobolster herself by offering natively constructed preparedmerchandise. Tubman settled in Auburn after the commencement of CivilWar and started an old- age home for Indigent Aged Negroes, which was lateron known as Harriet Tubman Home. The home later pulled in the support ofprevious abolitionist confidants and of the residents of Auburn, and itproceeded in presence for a few years after her demise. In the late 1860s andagain in the late 1890s she connected for a government benefits for her CivilWar administrations. About 30 years after her administration, a private billaccommodating $20 month to month was passed by Congress.5 3. What is the difference between Rap music and Hip Hop culture? (15 points)Rap Music Hip Hop CultureRapping is a melodic type of vocal Hip Hop is a culture. conveyance that consolidates "rhyme, cadenced discourse, and road/public A standout amongst the mostvernacular," which is performed or essential parts about it is the "keep itdroned in an assortment of courses, genuine" mantra and to be legitimateordinarily over a steady rhythm or about the lived minutes and such. melodic backup.It's a piece of the way of life for HipRap can be any kind of speaking. It Hop artists to speak to their city andcan follow a beat but not necessarily neighborhoods. Artists for eachalways. culture incorporates some particular subjects and Historically for Hip HopPeople are rapping since ages. For it incorporates things like:example Hippies Rap a lot.DJing Rap includes any non-conventional or MCing: or Rappingconventional topic. Spray painting also calledas GraffitiB-boying or breakDancingBeatboxing (This has itsown particular affiliationand rivalries)Beatmaking/Delivering: Rapping is a part of Hip- Hop Culture Hip- Hop Culture includes Rappingas an element.Some names of famous Rappers A portion of the best knowninclude: Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, beatmakers are; Kanye West, Dr. Dre,Jay-Z, Kanye West, Rakim, Nas, etc.Expansive Teacher, Simply Blast,Timbaland, ninth Ponder, TheChemist, J Dilla, Pete Shake, RZA,Pharrell etc.6 4. The three strategies employed by law enforcement to fight urban crimeinclude: 1) community policing, 2) stop-n-frisks and 3) stand your groundrule.Briefly define each strategy and to support your answer give examplesof cities that the three strategies are employed (reading Policing in Americanotes) (15 points) 1) Community Policing: - Community policing is an arrangement that obligespolice to acquire a proactive way to deal with address open security concerns.As fierce wrongdoing and murder crested in the late 1980's, and mid 1990'speople in general requested a change from American law authorization andrequested that law implementation is more proactive than responsive. Hence,in 1994 The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of UnitedStates introduced the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services topromote the Community Policing. Two versions of community policing weretested in Baltimore, Maryland. Also, two policing programs were evaluated inOakland, California both aimed at reducing levels of drug trafficking andrelated crime and fear. Other cities where this policy was employed includeexamples like, Birmingham, Houston, Madison, Newark etc. 2) Stop-and-Frisks: - Stop and Frisk program, is composed of two words; whichmeans stop questioning and frisking together. This program is basicallyintroduced to New York City, which fills in as the point of interest case forhow the arrival of police responsibility information can influence the acts of apolice office. Open and far reaching issue with stop and search rehearses firstrisen in New York in the 1990s amid the broken windows time of policing. Alegal claim tested lawfulness of stop and search practices of the New YorkPolice Office (NYPD) under the Fourth and fourteenth Revisions. Cities likeNew York, Philadelphia, Floyd etc. follow Stop and Frisks Policy.3) Stand your ground rule:- Stand your ground rule states that, in specificsituations, people can utilize constrain to protect themselves without firstendeavoring to withdraw from the risk. The reason behind these laws is toevacuate any perplexity about when people can safeguard themselves and todispense with arraignments of individuals who honestly utilized self- protection despite the fact that they had not endeavored to withdraw from therisk. States with Stand your ground rules vary on whether the law applies tocases including deadly constrain, with a few states holding the obligation to7 withdraw when deadly drive is included and others evacuating the obligationto withdraw under all conditions.The states that have passed stand yourground laws are: Alabama, Alaska, Mississippi, Michigan etc.5. Racial microaggression is the new face of racism.1) Briefly define racial microaggressionRacial microaggression can be defined as a commonly used verballanguage, behavior, or social/environmental humiliation, whether doneintentionally or unintentionally, that communicates in an antagonistic,disparaging way, or insulting people for their color. In 1970, a HarvardCollege's Educator cum therapist Chester M. Penetrate introduced this term,when he observed that African-Americans were consistently offended andembarrassed by the non-dark Americans. With the progressing time, theexpression "racial Microaggression" began usually utilized for poor ordebilitated individuals as well.2) Give an example of each theme (total of five themes), i.e., microagressionand implicit messageMicroaggressionTheme Implicit MessageExampleA White man or ladygrasping their satchel orchecking their wallet as1) Criminality: A a Dark or Latinoperson is presumed to be methodologies or You are a criminal.dangerous, criminal, or passes. A store You will take/You aredeviant based on their proprietor taking after a poor/You don't have arace, nationality and/or client of shading around place/You are unsafe.sexual orientation the store. A Whiteindividual holds up toride the following liftwhen a minority is on itI'm not a supremacist. I I am safe to races since2)Denial of individualprejudice: A statement have a few Dark I have companions ofmade by those with companions." "As a lady shading. Your racialsocial privilege to deny I comprehend what you abuse is the same thanthat they have that experience as a racial my sexual orientation8 "