" The Positive Half-cycleDuring the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, butdiodes D1 and D2switch "OFF" as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through theload is the same direction as before.The Negative Half-cycleAs the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage developed across theload is also unidirectional the same as for the previous two diode full-wave rectifier, thereforethe average DC voltage across the load is 0.637V . However in reality, during each half cyclemax 10the current flows through two diodes instead of just one so the amplitude of the output voltage istwo voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than the input V amplitude. The ripple frequency isMAX now twice the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply)Typical Bridge RectifierAlthough we can use four individual power diodes to make a full wave bridge rectifier, pre-madebridge rectifier components are available "off-the-shelf" in a range of different voltage andcurrent sizes that can be soldered directly into a PCB circuit board or be connected by spadeconnectors.The image to the right shows a typical single phase bridge rectifier with one corner cut off. Thiscut-off corner indicates that the terminal nearest to the corner is the positive or +ve outputterminal or lead with the opposite (diagonal) lead being the negative or -ve output lead. Theother two connecting leads are for the input alternating voltage from a transformer secondarywinding.11CA3140 is the 4.5MHz BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET inputs and Bipolar output.This Op Amp combines the advantage of PMOS transistors and high voltage bipolar transistors.CA3140 datasheetCA3140 has gate protected MOSFETs (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide veryhigh input impedance typically around 1.5T Ohms.The IC requires very low input current as low as 10pA to change the output status, high or low.The IC has very fast response and high speed of performance. The output stage of the IC usesbipolar transistors and includes built in protection against damage from load terminal shortcircuiting to either supply rails or to ground.The use of PMOS FET in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capabilitiesdown to 0.5 volts below the negative supply terminals. These operational amplifiers areinternally phase compensated to achieve stable operation in unity gain follower operation, andadditionally, have access terminal for a supplementary external capacitor if additional frequencyroll-off is desired. Terminals are also provided for use in applications requiring input offsetvoltage nulling.Magnetoresistive Field Sensors12 "