"NameEthical and moral issues in intelligenceSurname/name:Class:Professor:Date: ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES IN INTELLIGENCE 2Ethical and Moral Issues in IntelligenceWhen looking at the issue of how intelligence agents conduct their businesses, the moraland ethical issues always arises. Ethics can be said to be the guiding principles that intelligenceagents have to follow as they carry out their operations. On the other hand, morals can be viewedas what is generally accepted by society as a code of conduct. Intelligence can be defined as thatglobal as well as aggregate capacity within an individual to do something with a purpose, applyrationale in his or her thinking and at the same time deal effectively with the environment, thatsurrounds him/her. Intelligence has been used in different fields over the history with aim ofachieving different goals in the life of man. For the purpose of this paper, I will focus on the fieldof collecting intelligence for the purpose of security reasons.Over the history of man, both artificial and human intelligence have been applied in thearea of national and international security. The applications of intelligence in these crucial areasof human life have led to development of more secure society. Intelligence in the field ofsecurity entails spying on the e n e m y ’ s territory with an aim of collecting information that will beuseful for the purpose of defeating the enemy. There are emergent philosophical argumentsregarding the ethical and moral values that should guide intelligent agents as they conduct theirbusiness of collecting intelligence information. One of the leading philosophers in the field ofethics and morals, Suffice, is of the view that most of the activities carried out in the field ofhuman intelligence are usually entail devious as well as underhanded conducts (NormativeEthical Principles and Theories, 2006).iNormative Ethical Principles and Theories: A Brief Overview. [Webpage] accessed 19 November 2006. Availablefrom: http://www.stedwards.edu/ursery/norm.htmlETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES IN INTELLIGENCE 3So many questions arise when one looks at the moral and ethical issues in theintelligence. First, one has to understand why ethics and morals are important in intelligence.What type of ethics and moral values should be taken into account while discussing the issue ofintelligence? This paper seeks to discuss in details the ethical as well as moral issues inintelligence and implications that these ethical and moral issues have in the way intelligenceagents conduct their business of collecting information.When dealing with the subject of moral issues in the field of intelligence, three importantcategories on the area of ethical philosophy emerge. Meta ethics is one of them. It deals with thequestions to do with what morality takes. Secondly, normative ethics is another category, whichhas been developed over the history; this category is usually concerned with provision of a moralframework aimed at helping one in determination of what is wrong and what is right. Finally,applied ethics is another important category; it usually tends to apply the theory of normativeethics to various specific cases and in identification of the choices that are morally just. When itcomes to matters of what is ethical in intelligence, it is up to the public to define the mostappropriate moral philosophy that should be used by intelligence agencies as well as thegovernment in tackling the issues of developing guidelines on how intelligence activities shouldbe conducted (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2006).From the above philosophical approach, certain ethical and moral issues in intelligenceare very clear. First, the issues arise to what extent the intelligence agent should use force whilecollecting intelligence information. iiOffice of the Director of National Intelligence, [webpage] accessed 19 November 2006, available from:http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20060123_speech.htETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES IN INTELLIGENCE 4Over the history many intelligence agents have found themselves in situations thatendanger their lives. In other cases the person who they are interrogating may not be willing topart with the information that they are looking for. They therefore have no option but to use forcein order to make the person with the information talk. With the rise of human rights, manyactivists are opposed to the methods that are used by agents in their operations. They are of theargument that such methods lead to the bodily harms on the part of the person who has beeninterrogated thus denying him his or her basic human rights. For instance, the CIA agents arefaced with the ethical dilemma on how to handle suspects of terrorism activities because theytend to be dangerous and there is no way that you can get information from them unless they sueforce (Sunday Times, 1986).Secondly, in times of war the ethical and moral issues arise. Citizens and leaders oftenpermit usage of extreme measures that are aimed at preserving the state from the enemy. Forexample, the government of the United State has employed stringent measures aimed at fightingterrorism that threaten the security of its citizens. This means that it has to employ unethicaltactics in collection of intelligence information aimed at ensuring that its citizens are secure. Themoral issue that arises is whether the country can use unethical approaches in dealing with issuesthat threaten its citizens ’ security. Given that security is crucial to the state, any measure that isaimed at enhancing security of the citizens can be considered ethical. Even if measures that areemployed appear to be unethical, the situation permits the application of these measures.iiiSunday Times Insight Team. Rainbow Warrior. London: Hutchinson, 1986The ethical and moral issues are popular in the international politics where some nationsuse their intelligence agents to spy on other nations with an intention of dictating their own ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES IN INTELLIGENCE 5governance policies in that country. Apart from considering the ethics and moral issues thatsurround operations of individual intelligence, it is also crucial to consider the moral duty thatthe government has to protect those who are innocent despite their citizenship. For instance, theUSA is one of the world leading countries in the fight against terrorism. That means that it hasmany intelligence agents in foreign nations. Due to these stakes in the fight against terrorism, theAmericans have been meddling in affairs of countries, which seem to be opposed to theirpolicies. They have used their intelligence agents in many cases to overthrow those governmentsthat are opposed to their foreign policies. The ethical and moral issues that arise in this case arewhether their individual governments have the right to meddle in affairs of other independentcountries and use intelligence agents.Based on the above, ethical and moral issues in intelligence have been raised over thehistory; there are some implications that have resulted from these issues. First, there have beenrise of opposition to the methods that are used by intelligence agents in their line of duty. Peopleare now demanding the intelligence agents to protect the rights of individuals. Secondly,measures have been put in place by individual governments to ensure that their intelligenceagents follow certain ethical principles as they carry out their duties. This has played a major rulein reducing unethical behaviors among intelligence agents, (Kauppi, 1996).Finally, the issues have led to increased international debate on what should beconsidered ethical and moral in intelligence. The debate has led to emergence of certaindisciplines aimed at teaching intelligence agents that they should perform their duties in a waythat is humane thereby reducing cases of unethical practices among the intelligence agents.ivViotti, Paul and Mark Kauppi.International Relations Theory. Allyn and Bacon, 1999.Bibliography ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES IN INTELLIGENCE 6Normative Ethical Principles and Theories: A Brief Overview. [Webpage] accessed 19 November2006 . Available from: http://www.stedwards.edu/ursery/norm.html Office of the Director of National Intelligence, [webpage] accessed 19 November 2006, availablefrom: http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20060123_speech.ht Service, Quotation Book. [Webpage] accessed 18 November 2006 available from:http://www.quotationsbook.com/quotes/35981/viewSunday Times Insight Team. Rainbow Warrior. London: Hutchinson, 1986.Viotti, Paul and Mark Kauppi.International Relations Theory. Allyn and Bacon, 1999. "