"Name 1Student nameTutors nameCourses TitleDateAchievements and impact of large-scale farming in Mesopotamia and EgyptThe earliest civilized nation Mesopotamia and Egypt were the first to practice agriculture. Irrigation was mainly used to control the flow of water in the farms to produce farm produce.This discussion will focus on the achievements of significant scale both in Egypt andMesopotamia.It also focuses on the change of class system as well as the social deference. In around 7000 and 4000BCE, the exploitation of land was intensified in the valleys of Tigris-Euphrates. Most of the villagers spread more easily and expanded their farm to practicefarming. However, drainage was necessary to cater for the floods which left fertile mud on theland. The arid plains that experience flooding could be made productive by constructingirrigation dams at a particular point. Large-scale farmers of fruit trees and nuts also emerged.Furthermore, Famers learned to keep animals not only for milk production but also to producewool and fertilizers. In most of Mesopotamia, animals were mainly used to pull plows duringland cultivation as well carts for transportation. Name 2The development of farming led to availability of food resource abundant in largequantity leading to more population among the two regions. The land for irrigation and forsettlement was available and it became valuable because of its productivity.This change markedthe difference in wealth during this period.Movement in search of water for irrigation in riverNile and river Tigris led to fighting for the natural resource leading to conflict among thecommunities living together.As a result, the innovation of new ideas led to the use of SpringRiver and water management engineering resulting to large-scale corporations used to runmassive farms.Availability of food due to hard human work on the farm led to an expansion ofsettlements from 21 to 123 in the southern part of Mesopotamia in a lifespan of 1000 years.Thenumber of the settlement increased about six times, and the first cities emerged.According toMargueron “80 percent of the population during the third millennium lived in urban areas” (20).In Egypt, a similar increase in number was experienced at the same rate although it remainedvillage based as compared to Mesopotamia.Steele asserts that “The cities were developingslowly and the population was spreading evenly” (34).These cities were just seen as an enlargedvillages which acted as trade centers promoted by the introduced ox-drawn carts and boats.People worked as laborers, businesspeople, and artisan concentrating in these areas to encouragethe cities. Also, the cities became the center of manufacturing in that new technologies wereintroduced for casting metals to make tools luxury goods and weapons. Regarding class system, the availability of resources allowed the emergences of variousspecialists in the cities. Some of the tasks were performed in an organized way by managingpeople and the resources which include soldiers, kings’, government official and the scribes.Others who played a significant role were the artisans and the traders.Individuals such as the Name 3religious leaders and the priest acted as intermediaries between the community and gods.Peoplesituated in the countryside also visited the cities to pay tributes to the temples, to trade or workon various projects.The hierarchy was a feature to emerge in the complex society.During the 4000 BCE, theclass structure in the populated regions started to resemble pyramids.At the top wealthyindividuals appeared who were both religious and political. They had authority to control,prestige and individual rights pertaining particular issues.Elite officials were second mostprivilege individuals who included the high-rank military officers and the managers. Theyfollowed the order from their rulers. The third group was the minority members who werespecialized in a particular skill in generating wealth through trade and manufacturing goods. Lastly were the peasant and the worker, a class who had fewer possessions and rights.Most ofthem were captured as a slave to work in farms.The social difference was also one of the achievements. Deedrick claims that “women’sweakness to men was taken for granted but, they shared the same social rank of their malecounterpart” (123).In 2000 BCE, the gender balance changed and the women enjoyed sameequality as that of men. In both regions of Sumer and Egypt, women often worked as rulers orheld a high position in top office.Women inherited land with the equal share as that of men, aswell as owning property, using a person in court or performing any task outside a home.However, at the end of the millennium, women were mostly excluded in valued occupations suchas armies’ conquest, and trade manufacturers. The laws defined them as housewives and wererequired to respect men."