"Data Communication, Network andDigital CommunicationContents at a GlanceContents at a Glance ..................................................................................................................................... 2Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3Setting up The Solar System: ........................................................................................................................ 8Method to implement the network: ......................................................................................................... 10Details of the Sun Core: ...................................................................................................................... 10Setup between Mercury and Venus: ................................................................................................... 11Setup between Venus and Earth: ........................................................................................................ 12Setup between Earth and Mars: .......................................................................................................... 13Setup between Mars and Jupiter: ........................................................................................................ 13Setting up the Moon Base Alpha: ....................................................................................................... 14Setting up the Asteroid Belt: ............................................................................................................... 15Hosting the Calisto server: .................................................................................................................. 16Hosting the Io server: .......................................................................................................................... 18Conclusion ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.References ................................................................................................................................................... 20IntroductionImportance of Computer Network in today’s life:Computer networking and data communication is the hottest field of study all over theworld.When started it was considered mainly the research areafor thetechnology people workingon network engineering domain. But today it involvesalmost everybody in the world. Fromtransportation to Shopping, Communication Media and Entertainment everywhere we have madeextensive use of networking. Even socializing got its electronic form these days. Today it’svirtually impossible for almost everybody to live a day without making use of the computernetwork in some form directly or indirectly. Let’s understand the basic of the computer network and its jargons:What is a Network& what are its Components:In simple words a network is a collection oftwo or more devices linked to each other for thepurpose of sharing information and/or resources. The connections between these devices areestablished using either (physical) cable or wireless media. The network devices that originate,route and terminate the data are called nodes which can be a computer, printer, router or anyother peripheral devices. (Olivier 2010)Depending on the size and use of network we have different networking systems as:? PAN: Personal Area Network? LAN: Local Area Network? MAN: Metropolitan Area Network? WAN: Wide Area NetworkTo establish and maintain astandardized data communication a set of rules/conventions and datastructure have been developed which governs the way all the network devices communicate overthe network. This set of rules/standards is called Network Protocol. (Lowe 2010)Modern Network Architecture and TCP/IP Protocol:The modern Internet Protocol Scheme widely known as TCP/IP is the basic of all networking. Asdiscussed earlier this protocol is capable of both wired and wireless exchange of data across anynetworking device. This protocol defines the base of communication such as the addressing ofthe devices, communication between them and security over the entire networkingsystem(Stallings 2007). IPv4or the Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth version of the protocol designed. Today thisversion is the most widely used across globe.It is commonly known as TCP/IP (RFC 1122October 1989), as the primary(first) protocols defined in this this scheme were TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv4 uses 32-bit (4 Byte) address fordefining any device and the address is noted in dotted quad notation. Because of using only 32byte for the address representation it limits the address space to 4,294,967,296 (232) addresses.Every network has the basic 2 address structures: one for the network and another for itsbroadcasting.Where the Network address has all its host bits as "0"the BroadcastingIP address’host bits consists of "1"s.To calculate the number of possible IP address we can use the following equation: Number of possible IP addresses = (2n)–2) ---("n" defines the number of bits in hostpart). (Miller 2010)The dotted quad notation:The TCP/IP standard consists of several protocols for defining and managing the datacommunication: (Miller 2010)? TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): This protocol defines the communication betweenvarious applications? IP (Internet Protocol): The address based protocol defines the communication betweennodes.? ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): This protocol is used for defining andanalysing errors and statistics? DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): The host address could be static ordynamic. This protocol is used to make dynamic address for the host.Concept of Layering in TCP/IP model:There are essentially 4 layers of TCP/IP Model: Pic: TCP/IP Layer (Hallberg 2009)1. Network Interface Layer:It is the base layer of TCP/IP model which is responsible forpacket data communication between devices via the internet media. As TCP/IP is notdependant on the network accessing method or the frame format it can be used to connectLAN (Ethernet and Token Ring) and WAN technologies.2. Internet Layer:For communication between devicesthe other basic functions areaddressing, packaging, and routing. Internet layer establishes that.There are variousprotocols defined in this layer:? The Internet Protocol (IP): This protocol defines the IP addressing (in dotted quadnotation), routingand the fragmentation of the packets over the internet andreassemble the packets on receiving.? The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): This protocol resolute the Internet layeraddress to the node’s hardware address.? The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP): This protocol defines themanagement of IP multicast groups? The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): This protocoldefines thediagnostic functionality of packet transmission and reports errors on unsuccessfuldelivery of data packets.3. Transport Layer: The Transport layer defines how to provide the Application layer withsession and datagram communication services. Various protocols defined under this are:? Transmission Control Protocol: This protocol definesthe logic of communicationservice between nodes. This protocol controls the delivery and sequence ofpackets sent and received by the nodes. ? User Datagram Protocol: This provides unreliable communications servicebetween 1-1 or 1-many devices. For small data transmission UDP is used.4. Application Layer:The Application layer defines how the various applications shouldaccess the services of the other layers and different protocols to rule the application forcommunication. The most used Application layer protocols are:o File Transfer Protocol (FTP): This is used for interactive file transfer.o Telnet: This is a terminal emulation protocol and used for remote log in todifferent network hosts.o Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):This is used for the transmission of mailmessages and attachments.o Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): This protocol is used to transfer files in theWeb pages of the WWW domain.Address Allocation in IPv4 Topology (CLASSFUL Addressing):IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used the concept of classes. This architecture iscalled classful addressing. In the mid-1990s, a new architecture, called classless addressing, wasintroduced that supersedes the original architecture. Originally, an IPv4 address was divided into two parts: the network identifier was the mostsignificant (highest order) octet of the address, and the host identifier was the rest of the address.The latter was therefore also called the rest field. This enabled the creation of a maximum of 256networks. This was quickly found to be inadequate.To overcome this limit, the high order octet of the addresses was redefined to create a setof classes of networks, in a system which later became known as classful networking (RFC 7911981). The system defined five classes, Class A, B, C, D, and E. The Classes A, B, and C haddifferent bit lengths for the new network identification. The rest of an address was used aspreviously to identify a host within a network, which meant that each network class had adifferent capacity to address hosts. Class D was allocated for multicast addressing and Class Ewas reserved for future applications. (Kundu 2008)The following table shows different classes of IPv4 addressing scheme with their ranges: In classful addressing, an IP address in class A, B, or C is divided into netid and hostid.These parts are of varying lengths, depending on the class of the address.Subnet System& Private Network: Sub-networking technique is used to subdivide the huge network with millions of potential hostsinto manageable sections, namely subnets.Subnet is a logically visible subdivision of an IPnetwork. Concept of extended network IP addresses to individual nodes is vastly used insubnetting. The extended network address consists of both a network address and additional bitswhich defines the subnet number.(Hallberg 2009)Private Network: A private network is a network that uses private IP address space, defined inthe standards set by RFC 1918 for IPv4. These kind of private addresses are used by homenetworks, internal office network such as LAN when global address are not available for theintended network applications or not mandatory. Under IPv4, to compensate the exhaustion of IPaddress Private address were created.The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has directed the Internet Assigned NumbersAuthority (IANA) to reserve few IPv4 address ranges for private networks. This is publishedin RFC 1918. Pic: Subnet Table based on different classes (RFC 1878) Case Study: Setting up The Solar System:Our assignment is aimed to develop and implement a computer network schematic called “solarsystem” using Class B public addressing scheme of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). Thepictorial architecture of the network is as shown below:Method to implement the network:The following image shows the graphical solution including IP addresses and subnet masks:CALLISTO Subnet ID: 169.0.16.0 SUN IP: 169.169.0.2 Subnet: 255.255.252.0 Router IP: 169.0.16.1 Router IP: 169.0.16.2 Router IP: 169.0.16.5 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Router IP: 169.0.16.4 IP: 169.169.0.1 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Router IP: 169.0.16.3 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.252.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 JUPITER MERCURY VENUS MARS EARTH IP: 169.0.80.1 IP:169.0.80.2 IP: 169.0.48.1 IP: 169.0.48.1 IP:169.0.64.1 IP:169.0.64.2 IP: 169.0.32.1 IP: 169.0.32.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 IP: 169.169.0.5 IP: 169.0.96.1 Subnet: 255.255.252.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 IP: 169.0.112.1 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 IP: 169.169.0.6 IP: 169.169.1.2 Subnet: 255.255.252.0 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: 169.169.1.1 VESTA IP: 169.0.96.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 MOON BASE Gateway: 169.0.96.1 IP: 169.0.112.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 IO ALPHA IP:169.169.1.1 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 IP:169.169.2.2 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 IP:169.169.2.1 Gateway: 169.169.2.1 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 IP: 169.169.3.1 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 ASTEROID BELT ASTRAEA IP: IP: 169.169.3.2 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: IP: 169.169.3.1 HEBE Details of the Sun Core:? The Sun Core subnet contains 5 routers and 1 unmanned switch. ? The subnet mask is set to 255.255.240.0 so that this network can contain total 16 subnetsalong with 4094 hosts per subnet to horizontally scale itself when required. At present the core has 5 routers as shown (The IP ranging from 169.0.16.1 to 169.0.16.5):Addressing system for Sun Core:Subnet ID: 169.0.16.0 SUN Router IP: 169.0.16.1 Router IP: 169.0.16.2 Router IP: 169.0.16.5 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Router IP: 169.0.16.4 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Router IP: 169.0.16.3 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.240.0 MARS Switch SUNNetwork ID 169.0.0.0169.0.16.0Subnet ID RoutersMercury Venus Earth Mars JupiterRouter IP 169.0.16.1 169.0.16.2 169.0.16.3 169.0.16.4 169.0.16.5SubnetMask 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0Setup between Mercury and Venus:In this subnet, only two routers are present. The IP addressing scheme is shown below:MERCURY VENUS IP: 169.0.32.1 IP: 169.0.32.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0Addressing system of this subnetSubnet Mercury-VenusNetwork ID 169.0.0.0169.0.32.0Subnet ID RoutersMercury VenusRouter IP 169.0.32.1 169.0.32.2SubnetMask 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0Setup between Venus and Earth:Similar to the previous subnet, there are two routers in this subnet. It is configured in thefollowing way:VENUS EARTH IP: 169.0.48.1 IP: 169.0.48.1 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Addressing system of this subnetSubnet Venus-EarthNetwork ID 169.0.0.0Subnet ID 169.0.48.0 RoutersVenus EarthRouter IP 169.0.48.1 169.0.48.2SubnetMask 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 Setup between Earth and Mars:This subnet also contains two routers. The routers are configured in the following way:MARS EARTH IP:169.0.64.1 IP:169.0.64.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Addressing system of this subnetSubnet Earth-MarsNetwork ID 169.0.0.0Subnet ID 169.0.64.0 RoutersEarth MarsRouter IP 169.0.64.1 169.0.64.2SubnetMask 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0Setup between Mars and Jupiter:This subnet is also similar to the previous one where there are two routers connected:JUPITER MARS IP: 169.0.80.1 IP:169.0.80.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 Addressing system of this subnetSubnet Mars-JupiterNetwork ID 169.0.0.0169.0.80.0Subnet ID RoutersEarth MarsRouter IP 169.0.80.1 169.0.80.2SubnetMask 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 Setting up the Moon Base Alpha:Since there is requirement to have 11 addresses, the subnet mask has been selected to255.255.240.0 which can accommodate maximum 4094 hosts. This is done by keeping theprovision for newly added nodes in the network in future.EARTH IP: 169.0.96.1 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 IP: 169.0.96.2 Subnet: 255.255.240.0 MOON BASE Gateway: 169.0.96.1 ALPHA Addressing system of this subnetSubnet Earth-Moon BaseNetwork ID 169.0.0.0169.0.96.0Subnet ID RoutersEarth Moon BaseRouter IP 169.0.96.1 169.0.96.2SubnetMask 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0Gateway - 169.0.96.1 Setting up the Asteroid Belt:This subnet is designed to handle future mining with smooth addition of nodes. The mannedswitch provides interface for each of sub-networks for each mine. The subnet mask is set to255.255.255.0 which can accommodate maximum 256 subnets along with 254 hosts per subnet:IP: 169.169.1.2 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: 169.169.1.1 VESTA IP:169.169.1.1 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 IP:169.169.2.2 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 IP:169.169.2.1 Gateway: 169.169.2.1 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 IP: 169.169.3.1 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 ASTEROID BELT ASTRAEA IP: IP: 169.169.3.2 Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: IP: 169.169.3.1 HEBE"