" NETWORK ROUTINGAND SWITCHING Question 1 Routing table of router R2:R2 got three interfaces. The IP of these interfaces are shown. From the IP of theseinterfaces, network addresses and Masks are derived. Interfaces are marked by referring thegiven network diagram.Routing table of router R3:R3 got three interfaces. The IP of these interfaces are shown. From the IP of these1 interfaces, network addresses and Masks are derived. Interfaces are marked by referring thegiven network diagram.Question 2a) Given IP Block is 139.145.56.0/22Subnet Mask is 255.255.252.0 (It is a classless SNM)If we take the SNM and convert the decimal numbers to binary 111111111 11111111 11111100 00000000, n – 2The host's formula is 2[ - 2= 2 IPs are network and broadcast address ]10= 2 = 1024126.145.56.0 - 126.145.59.255Total number of addresses including network and broadcast address: 1024b)Department Subnet address Last address MaskMarketing 139.145.56.127 255.255.255.1282 139.145.56.255 255.255.255.128AccountingHead Office 139.145.57.63 255.255.255.1923 139.145.57.79 255.255.255.240Cust Servicesc) Total number of address in this subnet is 1024 since is a /22 subnet.11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000.Used IP SubnetThe starting from 139.145.56.0 to 139.245.57.79.IP range in the full subnet is 139.145.56.0 to 139.145.59.255Free IP range in this subnet: 139.145.57.80 – 139.145.59.255.IP address in 139.145.58.0 – 255 IP addressesUsed IP’s : 80, Free IP’s : 175 IP addressesIP address in 139.145.59.0 – 255, Free IP addresses: 255Total no of Free IP addresses : 430Question 3a) In the task IP datagram size is 5,600 bytes including header. The router receive the packet size of 5,600 bytes. The datagram fragmented as below.First fragment? The offset is 0? The length is 1500 (It has 20 bytes which is modified from the original IP header) Second fragment? It has 185 offset(185x8=1480)? The fragments data portion starts from 1480 bytes which is from the original IPdatagram.4 ? The length of the fragment is 1500. ? It includes the additional IP header which is created from the fragment.Third fragment? It has 370 offset (370 x 8 = 2960)? It means the fragments data portion starts from 2960 bytes from the original IPdatagram. 1500 is the length of the fragment(Tcpipguide.com, 2017).? It has the additional IP headers.b) 5 c)? The main reason is that the length is increased by 60 bytes.? It created three additional IP headers for each fragment(Internet and Translation,2017).Question 4a)? A domain which has the multiple networks with the intra-domain networks isknown as autonomous systems(Support et al., 2017).? The communication between the two autonomous systems will occurs through theexchange of routing information. ? Autonomous system is the division of Manager Enterprise networks. ? Inter-domain routing is the routing between two autonomous systems.? Border Gateway Protocol is based on the inter-domain protocols(Academy, 2017). ? The communication which is taken place within the company’s own network isknown as intra-domain routing such as the EIGRP,RIP,OSPF are the protocolswhich is used by the company for networks communication.b) Major routing protocols ? ISIS, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP, RIP are the major protocols which are used in the smalland enterprises networksWhy inter-domain/intra-domain protocols ? The internet uses the inter-domain protocols because it has number of networks6 which is divided into various domains.? Set of networks were combine form a domain. ? Hence the inter-domain protocols were used to increase the communicationbetween the different domains and to reach all set of networks(Computernetworkingsimplified.in, 2017).? The communication between different networks within the autonomous system isknown as Intra-domain protocol.? OSPF, RIP are the examples for intra-domain protocols which communicate withinthe autonomous systems.c)? Network uses static and dynamic routing protocol. ? Increase manual actions and occurrence of issue made complex to identify whileimplementing static routes in the environment(Osr507doc.xinuos.com, 2017).? The complexity in the static routes are overcome by the implementation of dynamicrouting protocols in the environment. ? But the dynamic routing protocol also have created some issues such as update tothe network is delay, issue in the routing loop, break of the network topology,performance issue, etc.? Communication issues has been created by the routing loop and performance of thenetwork is affected in the entire network. ? Repeated source and destination is followed by the traffic due to the routing loopwhich causes high utilization of each network device.? The routing methods divided into four various types namely,? Default routes? Directly connected interface? Dynamic routing? Static routingd) 1. High data security, voice to mobile network nodes, video communications andstationary across the wireless and wired links which are given by the embeddedrouting and as well as routing delivery efficiency can beextended, versatility andscale can be improved(Computernetworkingsimplified.in, 2017).2. Power, weight challenges, critical size and able operate reliably in harshenvironment are solved by the Embedded routing.It is the next generation routing7 platform by extensible routing and has a constantly increased growth andcompetitive changing market. Gadgets are associated in the extensible routing butnot to the router in embedded routing. e) ? The Internet routing has become a challenge between the network administratorwho manage and end-to-end paths control and the Autonomous systems.? The complete traffic flow on the environment is well known by the administrator.? Flexible routing control is required to solve the issues which are occurred in thenetwork autonomous system across multiple routing domains (Euclid.nmu.edu,2017).? Outside the forwarding infrastructure, a third party elements has been involved inperforming a service routing.? RAAS follows a different routing methods compare to the current methods androute customization has great flexibility whereas remaining are reasonably scalable.? Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) which also allows customizedrouting without any alter to the infrastructure and to evolve as needs change. ? Higher level control plane has been approached in multiplexes by Renin– angiotensin system (RAS) and the virtual machines has beenaccessed(Osr507doc.xinuos.com, 2017). To support a higher level control interface,forwarding infrastructure has been approached by RAS and made use by otherelements.Question 5The version number of IPv6 is 6 and theIPv4 is 4. The size of hop filed is 8bits.The hop limit is based on the maximum number of links the IPv6 packet traversed. The8 source and destination IP address has 128 bits length. The extension headers and the upperlayer PDU together with Payload Length field (www.cisco.com, 2017).ReferenceAcademy, C. (2017). Types of Routing Protocols (3.1.4) > Cisco Networking Academy'sIntroduction to Routing Dynamically. [online] Ciscopress.com. Available at:http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210&seqNum=7 [Accessed 18 May2017].Computernetworkingsimplified.in. (2017). Overview of different types of addressing used inNetworking | Computer Networking Demystified. [online] Available at:http://computernetworkingsimplified.in/category-1/overview-types-addressing-networking/[Accessed 18 May 2017].http://www.cisco.com. (2017). Advanced Routing Technologies. [online] Available at:http://www.cisco.com/networkers/nw00/pres/2200.pdf [Accessed 17 May 2017].Euclid.nmu.edu. (2017). IPV6 HEADER. [online] Available at:http://euclid.nmu.edu/~randy/Classes/CS442/Notes/IPv6_Header.html [Accessed 17 May2017].Internet, T. and Translation, N. (2017). What is Network Address Translation (NAT)?.[online] WhatIsMyIPAddress.com. Available at: http://whatismyipaddress.com/nat [Accessed18 May 2017].Osr507doc.xinuos.com. (2017). Routing protocols. [online] Available at:http://osr507doc.xinuos.com/en/NetAdminG/iproutingC.protocols.html [Accessed 18 May2017].Support, P., Management, C., Abstraction, C., Operate, M. and Guides, E. (2017). CiscoActive Network Abstraction Reference Guide, 3.7 - Routing Protocols [Cisco Active NetworkAbstraction 3.7]. [online] Cisco. Available at:http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/net_mgmt/active_network_abstraction/3- 7/reference/guide/ANARefGuide37/routpro.html [Accessed 18 May 2017].9 Tcpipguide.com. (2017). The TCP/IP Guide - TCP/IP Routing Protocols (GatewayProtocols). [online] Available at:http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPIPRoutingProtocolsGatewayProtocols.htm [Accessed18 May 2017].10 "