"sample of children whose narratives about their experiences of domestic violence offer a veryclear account of what life is like to live with various forms of domestic violence: a.when they are controlled and put down by an abusive father (or father figure); b. where they overhear the violence perpetrated by the man against their mother; c. where they witness the violence or its aftermathd. where the children themselves become direct victims of the violence.Incidents The below mentioned incident have been prepared to provide risk and threat factors forexamination and to create useful learning. Itsintended to provide assistance and readiness tohandle these types of situations. The characters in these incidents are fictional and have beencreated for educational purposes.As you read the case, keep in mind that there is no onecorrect way to handle each situation.A successfully used alternative may not be useful inother instances, and there are probably several different approaches that could be equallyuseful. Each group in its discussions should strive to identify several approachesIncidentS is a 41 year old female. The perpetrator was her second husband, the first marriage alsohaving been abused. S has 6 sons, the youngest three came with her, the older two remainedin the marital home with the perpetrator, and this had been their choice, even though theperpetrator was not their father. The oldest son had left home. S had suffered from emotional,physical and sexual abuse, as well as financial abuse and controlling behavior. She describedher husband as =very clever and manipulative‘ and he is also ex armed forces, and S wasclearly very afraid of him. S had no friends, and only elderly parents to support her. She also felt that her older children had remained when she fled as they had been poisoned against herby the perpetrator, and they now blamed her for leaving. From the day of arrival theperpetrator was constantly on the phone to S, telling her what to do and shouting at her. Swas also meeting the perpetrator to allow contact for the younger children. Shortly after Sarrived the perpetrator started court proceedings to take custody of the younger children.Questions for discussion -;1. What could be the long term effects of the situation? 2. What other approaches would work for S?Community-based counselling and supportfrom family therapyThrough the interviews with the mothers, we became sensitized to their recommendation thatchildren who witness domestic violence, in its various forms, should receive therapy. Oftenmothers actively looked for service providers to meet, assess and talk with their children abouttheir experiences of witnessing domestic violence.Using therapeutic services, piece together a fragmented childhood.These services work withchildren and their mothers, to support them while they continued to live with men who wereviolent to them, or to help them prepare to separate, or to continue to work with them after theseparation on negotiating safe access arrangements and court appearances. Therapeutic servicesprovided the very best model of family support in cases of domestic violence. Furthermore, thetherapists understood the dynamics of power and control, and how living with domestic violence,planning to separate from it and managing to cope with the separation, shared parenting andcourt cases were all an ongoing process, not just a once-off event.Therapeutic services provides the best model of family support in cases of domestic violence.The therapists understood the dynamics of power and control, and how living with domesticviolence, planning to separate from it and managing to cope with the separation, shared parentingand court cases were all an ongoing process, not just a once-off event. a. Complement the studyby one example of community-based family therapyservices.Also tell is these services were widespread or not?Results Kinds of domestic violence against childrenSometimes domestic violence exists in their own community and they know it. It is pertinent tohighlight that some cultures have higher rates of cases nationally than others with patriarchalcultures having significantly higher rates statistically than matrilineal cultures. A majority ofcommunities around thesite are patriarchal and therefore it is not surprising that they were morelikely to register higher cases of domestic violence. Results collected through questionnaires,interviews and focus group discussions show that students and adults have different but similarideas on how they describe domestic violence.The concept of domestic violence was exploredfrom both students and adults, and some of the ideas emerged including: ?Any incident ofthreatening behavior or abuse between people who are family members,? a 16 years old girl. Therespondents‘ description of domestic violence against children embodies some critical ideas suchas abuse, aggressive behavior, violation of human rights, rough treatment, confrontation andmisunderstanding in the households and families. The respondents‘ description of domesticviolence as any assault committed by a person who either shares a living arrangement with or isinvolved in an intimate relationship with the victim of the assault. Findings show that 90% of learners have experienced domestic violence at a certain point in theirlives. And 88.2% of adults pointed out that sometimes children are exposed to domestic violencein the households.the majority of students reported to be victims of domestic violence and at thesame time the majority of adults reported that children are sometimes mistreated in the homes,concluding that domestic violence is happening on the ground. The kinds of domestic violenceagainst children reported include; firstly, emotional violence which was a common reported formof violence against children. examples of emotional violence, such as insults, shouts, repeatedcriticism, frequent blames, threatening, denying of love and affection, and ignoring. This tellsthat in homes children are exposed to words and actions that make them feel useless orworthless. Adults use abusive language in order to make children obey their commands. Thisviolence harms children‘s feelings and thinking. Secondly, physical violence is another form ofdomestic violence cited by participants. Students and adults reported that children are sometimesexposed to physical violence in the homes. Respondents were able to explain this violencethrough examples. The examples are: beating (slapping or kicking), pushing and assault with anobject or weapon sometimes. This violence harms or pains children physically and emotionallyat the same time. Thirdly, other respondents reported experiencing economic or material abuse.Some students pointed out that they do experience economic violence in their homes .Examplesof economic violence given by participants are destruction of a child‘s personal property,withholding of financial support like not providing school fees or uniform, giving a childexcessive labor and denying food to a child. Respondents said that this violence may happen as aform of punishment or it may be due to other unknown reasons in the perpetrator‘s mind whileother students reported being given excessive work in order to be given food or to be recognizedas a family member. Also, some students reported their school text or exercise books being burnt "