DB Projects Help >> User Defined Functions
A User-Defined Operate, or UDF, is a perform offered by the person of an application or atmosphere, in a situation where the common prediction is that features are designed into the application or atmosphere.
In some old implementations of the BASIC choice phrases, individual recognized functions are recognized using the "DEF FN" structure. More provide day 'languages' of BASIC are inspired by the set up choice paradigm, where most or all value is publicized as user-defined functions or methods, and the technique becomes primarily needless.
In SQL sites, a user-defined work provides a method for growing the functions of the selection web server by together with a work that can be thought to be in SQL words. The SQL standard improves between scalar and workplace functions. A scalar work rewards only 1 value (or NULL), whereas a workplace work rewards a (relational) workplace created of zero or more sequence, each row with one or more articles.
User-defined functions in SQL are revealed using the CREATE FUNCTION record. For example, a work that changes Celsius to Fahrenheit might be revealed like this:
Example
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.CtoF (Celsius FLOAT)
RETURNS FLOAT
RETURN (Celsius * 1.8) + 32
Each user-defined operate provides certain qualities or features. The SQL normal is the following properties:
Language - is the selection expressions in which the user-defined operate is implemented; illustrations are SQL, C, or Coffee.
Parameter design - is the business meetings that are used to complete the operate guidelines and success between the rendering of the operate and the collection program (only relevant if expressions is not SQL).
Specific name - a name for the operate that is exclusive within the collection. Needs to be that the operate name does not have to be exclusive, considering full features. Some SQL implementations, such as Ms SQL Web server, need that operate brands are exclusive within a collection, and full features are prohibited.
Determinism - describes whether the operate is deterministic or not. The determinism feature has an effect on the problem optimizer when producing a SQL report.
SQL-data accessibility - shows the collection control program whether the operate contains no SQL phrases (NO SQL), contains SQL phrases but does not accessibility any furniture or opinions (CONTAINS SQL), flows information from furniture or opinions (READS SQL DATA), or actually changes information in the collection (MODIFIES SQL DATA).
Stored Procedure
A Stored procedures or saved method is a subroutine available to programs that accessibility a relational collection system. A saved method (sometimes known as a proc, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, or SP) is actually saved in the collection information book.
Typical uses for saved processes contain information acceptance (integrated into the database) or accessibility management elements. Furthermore, saved processes can get rid of and centralize sense that was actually applied in programs. Considerable or complicated management that needs performance of several SQL phrases is transferred into saved processes, and all programs telephone the processes. One can use stacked saved processes, by undertaking one saved method from within another.
Stored processes are just like user-defined features (UDFs). The main change is that UDFs can be used like any other concept within SQL phrases, whereas saved processes must be invoked using the CALL statement
CALL procedure (...)
Or
EXECUTE procedure (...)
Implementation
The actual and correct rendering of saved method deviates from one collection program to another. Most main collection companies support them in some form. With regards to the collection program, saved processes can be applied in a selection of selection different languages, for example SQL, Coffee, C, or C++. Stored processes published in non-SQL selection different languages may or may not do SQL phrases themselves.
The growing adopting of saved processes led to the arrival of step-by-step components to the SQL expressions in the SQL: 1999 and SQL: 2003 expectations in the part SQL/PSM. That made SQL critical selection expressions. Most collection systems offer amazing and vendor-specific plug-ins, beyond SQL/PSM.
Comparison with functions
A operate is a subprogram published to accomplish certain computations
A scalar operate dividends only 1 value (or NULL), whereas a desk operate dividends a (relational) desk composed of zero or more series, each row with one or more content.
Functions must come back a value (using the RETURN keyword), but for saved processes this is not required.
Stored processes can use RETURN key phrase but without any value being approved.
Functions could be used in SELECT phrases, offered they never do any information treatment. However, processes cannot be integrated in SELECT phrases.
A operate can have only IN guidelines, while saved processes may have OUT or INOUT guidelines.
A saved method can come back many principles using the OUT parameter or come back no value at all.
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