Amino acid transmitters

Glutamic and Gamma-amino butyric acid are amino acid neurotransmitters or modulators that modify the cellular polarization by activating receptors, mainly the neuronal plasma membrane receptor-channels.

The Extracellular and intracellular concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl^- ions are very dissimilar. The extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^- is around 10 times higher than their intracytoplasmic concentration, which Ca2+ is around 10.000 times higher.The opening of channel in the plasma membrane of a cell, precise for an ion, induces the influx in the cell either of Na⁺ or Ca²⁺, inducing a depolarization, or of Cl^-, inducing an hyperpolarisation.The Amino acid neurotransmitters: The gamma-amino butyric acid or GABA, glycine, ß-alanine and taurine, that open chloride receptors-channels induces the cellular hyperpolarisation by increasing intracellular concentration of chloride, are the inhibitors.

The amino acid transmitter glutamate that opens receptors channels inducing an intracellular influx of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions and a depolarization, is the excitatory.There are a lot of other membrane structures included in the regulation of influx and efflux of the sodium, calcium potassium, and chloride ions.