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Explain the difference between the three storage types - volatile, non volatile and stable.
Ans: Volatile storage: if storage media loses data while power goes off, it is termed as volatile storage media for example RAM. It is the fastest among the three in terms of data access time.
Non-volatile storage: If storage media retains data even while power goes off, it is termed as non-volatile storage media. For example: hard disk. It is faster than stable storage but slower as compared to volatile storage.
Stable Storage:Information that is residing in stable storage is certainly not lost (theoretically). A natural catastrophe may result in a loss if not the probability of data loss is negligible. For example by using multiple hard disks as in the case of RAID technology. This is the slowest of all storage media mentioned above.
Atomicity: It describes a transaction to be a one unit of processing. We can also say either a transaction will be finished completely or not at all. In the transaction example 1
What is called an evaluation primitive? A relational algebra operation annotated with instructions on how to evaluate is known as an evaluation primitive.
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Differance between internal and external schema? Internal and external schema: Internal Schema • Describes the physical storage structure • Uses a physical data model External
List the SQL domain Types? SQL supports the following domain types. 1) Char(n) 2) varchar(n) 3) int 4) numeric(p,d) 5) float(n) 6) date.
When are they useful? Justify with an example. The temporary tables are commonly used to support specialized rollups or exact application processing needs. Unlike a permanent t
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Define two-phase locking protocol. Ans: Two-phase locking is significance in the context of ensuring that schedules are serializable. The two-phase locking protocol defines a p
These are interactive interfaces, graphical that hide the difficulty of the DBMS and query language behind an intuitive, simple to understand, and convenient interface. This permit
what is data link layer
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