Electrochemical series
(1) The standard reduction potentials of a large number of electrodes have been measured using standard hydrogen electrode as the reference electrode. These several electrodes can be arranged in the increasing or decreasing order of their reduction potentials. Arrangements of the elements in order of increasing reduction potential values are known as electrochemical series. It is also known as activity series, of a few typical electrodes.
(2) Characteristics features of Electrochemical series
(i) The negative sign of the standard reduction potential indicates that an electrode when joined with SHE acts as anode and oxidation occurs on this electrode. For instance, standard reduction potential of zinc is -0.76
volt, When zinc electrode is joined with SHE, it acts as anode (-ve electrode) that is oxidation takes place on this electrode. Similarly, the +ve sign of standard reduction potential indicates that the electrode when joined with SHE acts as cathode and reduction occurs on this electrode.
(ii) The substances, which are stronger reducing agents than hydrogen are placed above hydrogen in the series and have negative values of standard reduction potentials. All the substances which possess positive values of reduction potentials and placed below hydrogen in the series are weaker reducing agents than hydrogen.
(iii) Substances, which are stronger oxidizing agents than H+ ion are placed below hydrogen in the series.
(iv) The metals on the top (having high negative value of standard reduction potentials) have the tendency to lose electrons readily. These are usually active metals. The activity of metals decreases from top to bottom. The non-metals on the bottom (having high positive values of standard reduction potentials) have the tendency to accept electrons readily. These are active non-metals. The activity of non-metals increases from top to bottom.
Table: Standard reduction electrode potentials at 298K
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